Major-General Sir William Howe

Title: William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe
Artist: Richard Purcell aka Charles Corbutt (ca 1736-ca 1766)
Date: November 1777

Major-General Sir William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe (1729–1814), is depicted in this color mezzotint painting by Richard Purcell, published in 1777. Before returning to North America in March 1775, Howe had seen long service. After fighting in Europe during the Seven Years’ War, Howe played a key role in the capture of Quebec in 1759 and the subsequent campaign against the French. After criticizing Lieutenant-General Thomas Gage over tactics at Bunker Hill in June 1775, Howe was eventually given overall command that September. Under Howe’s leadership the British landed on Staten Island in July 1776 and during the fall of 1776 outmaneuvered General George Washington at Long Island and New York, forcing the Americans to retreat in disorder across New Jersey. During the Fall campaign Howe clashed with both Major-General Charles Cornwallis and Major-General Henry Clinton over strategy. Washington’s victory at Trenton revived American spirits and during 1777 Howe endeavored to regain the initiative by capturing the American capital at Philadelphia. Although this was successful, Howe’s failure to coordinate his movements with Major General John Burgoyne’s invasion from Canada resulted in Burgoyne’s surrender.

Source :
Book "Continental versus Redcoat: American Revolutionary War" by David Bonk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg

Prince Alfred of England

Title: Prince Alfred of England
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1865

Oil on canvas, 74.4 x 61.4 cm. Winterhalter was born in the Black Forest where he was encouraged to draw at school. In 1818 he went to Freiburg to study under Karl Ludwig Schüler and then moved to Munich in 1823, where he attended the Academy and studied under Josef Stieler, a fashionable portrait painter. Winterhalter was first brought to the attention of Queen Victoria by the Queen of the Belgians and subsequently painted numerous portraits at the English court from 1842 till his death. Prince Alfred (1844–1900), aged 21, is wearing naval uniform with the star of the Garter. He was the second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and joined the navy when he was 14 years old, in August 1858. He served on the Euryalus and sailed to the Mediterranean, South Africa, and the West Indies, returning home in August 1861. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1863 and, after a career in the navy, was made Admiral of the Fleet in 1893. Signed and dated: Fr Winterhalter / 1865. Inscribed on the back with the names of the artist and sitter and as painted at the Rosenau, August 1865.

Source :
https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/404833/prince-alfred-1844-1900-later-duke-of-edinburgh

Albert, Prince of Wales (Later Edward VII of Great Britain)

Title: Albert, Prince of Wales
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1864

Oil on canvas, 161.8 x 114.1 cm. Winterhalter was born in the Black Forest where he was encouraged to draw at school. In 1818 he went to Freiburg to study under Karl Ludwig Schüler and then moved to Munich in 1823, where he attended the Academy and studied under Josef Stieler, a fashionable portrait painter. Winterhalter was first brought to the attention of Queen Victoria by the Queen of the Belgians and subsequently painted numerous portraits at the English court from 1842 till his death. Prince Albert Edward, Queen Victoria’s eldest son, is dressed in the uniform of Colonel of the 10th Hussars and holds his shako which, from 1800 onwards, became a common military head-dress in most armies. He wears the ribbon and star of the Garter, the badge of the Golden Fleece, and the Star of India. The portrait was commissioned by Queen Victoria along with that of Princess Alexandra (RCIN 402351) whom he had married in 1863. Signed and dated: Fr Winterhalter 1864.

Source :
https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/402352/edward-vii-1841-1910-when-prince-of-wales

Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1830-1916)

Title: Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1830-1916)
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1865

Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria wearing the dress uniform of an Austrian Field Marshal (scarlet trousers and white summer undress tunic) with the Great Star of the Military Order of Maria Theresa. The Golden Fleece suspended from the base of his collar. His hairline was already in full retreat, but his most remarkable features were a wide 'tash and a set of cavalry whiskers that reached down to his sloping shoulders.

Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1803-73) was the outstanding court portraitist of mid-19th century Europe. For Queen Victoria alone he painted over 120 works, and he was also portrait painter to the French court, first to Louis-Philippe, and later to Napoleon III and the Empress Eugenie. Over his long career Winterhalter painted an array of the crowned heads of Europe, and the most beautiful women of the day, many of them dressed in the spectacular silk and tulle confections of the Parisian couturier, Worth.

Source :
http://www.amazon.com/Franz-Winterhalter-Courts-Europe-1830-70/dp/0904017842
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_joseph1.jpg

Portrait of Maximilian I of Mexico (1832-1867)

Title: Portrait of Maximilian I of Mexico (1832-1867)
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date:1864

Portrait of Maximilian I of Mexico in coronation robes. At the behest of Mexican monarchists and French Emperor Napoleon III, Austrian Prince Maximilian agreed to serve as Emperor of Mexico. Original in Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City. Monarchs have often worn ceremonial robes at their coronations and investitures. The mantles of the emperors and kings are called coronation mantles. Some monarchs have taken an oath but were not crowned. Their mantles are of the same design as those of the crowned monarchs. There are also the less costly mantles that were used for other ceremonies. They are made after the fashion of the coronation mantles. Monarchs that were not crowned, petty rulers (such as Grand Dukes in Germany) and members of royal families are often depicted in this way. These ceremonial regal robes, "Prunkmäntel" in German, may be called "ceremonial regal robes" to distinguish them from the robes that were worn at coronations.

Source :
http://blog.fords.org/2014/05/05/matias-romero/emperador_maximiliano_i_de_mexico/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Coronation_and_royal_robes

German Soldier Bandaging his Wrist (1940)

Title: Nach dem Kampf (After the battle)
Artist: Ernst Kretschmann
Date: 1940

This original poster from 1940 depicts a brave German soldier, aware of his duty, who is bandaging his wrist. In the distance is the chaos of the battle field: smoking ruins and canons. On the backside of this period print is adhered the newspaper “Vossische Zeitung” from 1933. The leading article concerns the Reichtag fire which happened only a day earlier. Vossische Zeitung, founded in 1704, was a Berlin-based liberal newspaper. In 1934, a year after this edition, Vossische Zeitung was forced by the Nazis to close down. The Reichstag fire (27 February 1933) was an arson attack on the Reichstag building in Berlin that occurred on 27 February 1933. The event is seen as pivotal in the establishment of Nazi Germany. The fire was used by the Nazis as evidence that the Communists were beginning a plot against the German government. Suspending civil liberties, the government instituted mass arrests of Communists, including all of the Communist parliamentary delegates. With their bitter rivals the Communists gone and their seats empty, the National Socialist Party went from being merely a plurality party to the majority. The poster is signed “EK 40, Nach dem Kampf” (partially under the frame).

Ernst Kretschmann (1897–1942) was a German illustrator, graphic designer and SA-Truppführer (Nazi storm trooper with the rank of sergeant first class). In 1912 the son of a railroad worker studied at the Architektenschule in Mainz. In 1915 Kretschmann voluntarily joined the army. As part of a Stosstrupp he took part in 34 battles and was wounded at Verdun. From 1921 to 1931 he made study trips within Europe and to Morocco, Spanish-East Africa and the Canary Islands. In this time, as a self taught graphic artist, he made many illustrations for the fashion industry. As an employee of the magazines ‘Die SA’ and ‘Der SA-Führer’, Kretschamnn made many propaganda illustrations for the National Socialists. In the Great German Art Exhibitions Kretschmann was represented -until his death- with four works. As a SA-Truppführer from a propaganda company he fell in 1942 at the Eastfront.

Source :

http://www.germanartgallery.eu/en/Webshop/0/product/info/Ernst_Kretschmann,_Nach_dem_Kampf&id=37

Portrait of King Ferdinand VII of Spain (1814)

Title: Portrait of Ferdinand VII
Artist: Francisco Goya
Date: 1814-1815

Brought by the Museo del Prado, Ferdinand VII in Court Dress by Francisco Goya (1814-1815) shows King Ferdinand VII shortly after he had taken the throne. Goya was able to masterly capture the King's regal attire and showcase him as a powerful monarch. King Ferdinand VII's expression is almost distrustful as if he is wary of how Goya is actually painting him on the canvas while he poses9. Goya however could have painted the King with a distrustful face to symbolize how the King must have felt after having taken the throne. In 1815, King Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution and became and absolutist king. Goya may have been well aware of how tightly the King wanted to hold on to power, and almost like a premonition, knew he was distrustful on his subjects. The King would later start ruling with an iron fist. He would try to imprison or kill any liberal in Spain, and at one time this included Goya as a target. The King, being fearful of losing his power, treated the subjects so poorly that many left in exile. King Ferdinand VII became a tyrant king that was loved by very few. Later his people had revolted against him in reaction to his abuse of power. 

Source :
http://span2322finalproject.weebly.com/featured-art.html

Portrait of Manuel Godoy, Duke of Alcudia, 'Prince of the Peace'

Title: Portrait of Manuel Godoy, Duke of Alcudia, 'Prince of the Peace'
Artist: Francisco Goya
Date: 1801

Francisco Goya's portrait of Manuel Godoy is brought from the Museo del Prado. The portrait, Manuel Godoy, Duke of Alcudia (1801), is a depiction of Manuel Godoy sitting outside with what appears to be his military regiment. Manuel Godoy was an important figure in Spain at the time. He had served as the prime minister however he had led Spain to many disasters, including the French Invasion of 1808. Godoy sits with an air of dignity and power, even though Godoy was not popular with the Spanish people. The military regiment behind Godoy highlights Godoy's power and authority. However, this portrait is not traditional of portraits of military leaders and nobility. Godoy is in a really relaxed position, with an almost smug expression on his face. The background is dark and bleak, possibly highlighting the disasters Godoy had brought to Spain. The air around Godoy looks as though there is smoke from cannon fire which could possibly mean that a battle had just taken place. If that were so it is interesting to see that Godoy is sitting down instead of leading his army. Unfortunately, the Spanish monarchy has trust Godoy too greatly and gave him too much power which he abused. The love of power and also Godoy's greed is what led to the French Invasion of 1808. Godoy had not cared what was best for the people of Spain and therefore was force to live in exile after the French Invasion. 

Source :
http://span2322finalproject.weebly.com/featured-art.html

Maximilian van Oostenrijk (Maximilian I of Mexico)

Title: Maximilian van Oostenrijk
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: Unknown

Maximilian (Spanish: Maximiliano; born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was the only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire. He was a younger brother of the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph I. After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy, he entered into a scheme with Napoleon III of France to invade, conquer, and rule Mexico. France (along with the United Kingdom and Spain, who both withdrew the following year after negotiating agreements with Mexico's democratic government) had invaded Mexico in the winter of 1861, as part of the War of the French Intervention. Seeking to legitimize French rule in the Americas, Napoleon III invited Maximilian to establish a new Mexican monarchy for him. With the support of the French army, and a group of conservative Mexican monarchists hostile to the liberal administration of new Mexican President Benito Juárez, Maximilian traveled to Mexico. Once there, he declared himself Emperor of Mexico on 10 April 1864. Many foreign governments (including the United States) refused to recognize Maximilian's claim or regime. Maximilian's Second Mexican Empire was widely considered a 'puppet' regime of France. Additionally, Maximilian never completely defeated the Mexican Republic; Republican forces led by President Benito Juárez continued to be active during Maximilian's rule. With the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the United States (which had been too distracted by its own civil war to confront the European's 1861 invasion of what it considered to be its sphere-of-influence) began more explicit aid of President Juárez's forces. Matters worsened for Maximilian's 'empire' after the French withdrew its armies from Mexico in 1866. Maximilian's Mexican Empire collapsed; the Mexican government captured and executed Maximilian in 1867. His wife, Charlotte of Belgium (Carlota), had left for Europe earlier to try to build support for her husband's regime; after his execution, however, she suffered an emotional collapse and was declared insane.

Source :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico

Édouard André

Title: Édouard André (1833-1894)
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date:1857

Portrait of Édouard André (1857) wearing Hussar uniform, by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, Musée Jacquemart-André. Édouard François André (13 December 1833 – 16 July 1894) was a French banker, politician, soldier and art collector. He was the husband of Nélie Jacquemart-André, the society painter. Their art collection is preserved at the Musée Jacquemart-André in Paris.

Source :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Andr%C3%A9_%28art_collector%29

Portrait of Napoleon III

Title: Portrait of Napoleon III (1808-1873)
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date:1855

Oil on canvas, 240 × 155 cm (94.49 × 61.02 in). Museo Napoleonico, Rome. Napoleon III’s empire, lasting from 1852-1870, witnessed rapid prosperity and fortune, evident when observing the courtly fashion during his reign. Franz Xaver Winterhalter (b Menzenschwand, Black Forest, 20 Apr. 1805; d Frankfurt, 8 July 1873). German painter. Early in his career he worked mainly as a lithographer, but he became famous as the leading court portrait painter of his time. From 1834 he was based mainly in Paris, but he travelled widely and painted royals from several European countries. He was a particular favourite of Queen Victoria, who called him ‘excellent, delightful Winterhalter’ (the Royal Collection has more than a hundred of his paintings), and he was also much employed by Napoleon III of France and his wife the empress Eugénie. His style was romantic, glossy, and superficial and his portraits have until recently generally been valued more as historical records than as works of art. 

Sources :
http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/artists/franz-xaver-winterhalter
http://www.mdhs.org/costumeblog/?p=179

Maharajah Duleep Singh

Title: Maharajah Duleep Singh
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date:1854

The King Duleep Singh. Commissioned by Queen Victoria, who noted in her journal on 10 July 1854 that "Winterhalter was in ecstasies at the beauty and nobility of bearing of the young Maharaja. He was very amiable and patient, standing so still and giving a sitting of upwards of 2 hrs'". In the portrait, the Maharaja is shown wearing his diamond aigrette and star in his turban and a jewel-framed miniature of Queen Victoria by Emily Eden.

Source :

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dalip_singh_winterhalter.jpg

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Title: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1842

Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha wearing the Golden Fleece, painted by Franz Xaver Winterhalter in 1842. Commissioned by Queen Victoria, it is perhaps unsurprising that this early portrait was one of Queen Victoria’s three favourite pictures of her husband, given the artist’s romantic treatment of the subject. Prince Albert is depicted in officer’s undress uniform, standing in a noble pose set against stormy skies, in a manner evocative of Ingres.

Source :

https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?maker=12557&object=401412&row=1&detail=about

Louis-Philippe, King of France (1773-1850)

Title: Louis-Philippe Ier, roi des Français (1773-1850)
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1841

Louis-Philippe I, King of the French. The King is depicted at the entrance of the Gallerie des batailles which he had furnished in the Château de Versailles.

Source :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy

Leopold I, King of the Belgians (1790-1865)

Title: Leopold I, King of the Belgians (1790-1865)
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1840

Oil on canvas, 278.0 x 181.0 cm. The painting was made in Paris. Signed, dated and inscribed lower right: fr Winterhalter / Paris. 1840. Now become the collection of Musée National du Château de Versailles.


Source :
http://www.wikiart.org/en/franz-xaver-winterhalter/leopold-i-1840

Antoine d' Orleans Duc de Montpesier

Title: Antoine d' Orleans Duc de Montpesier
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1844

Antoine d'Orléans (Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orléans; 31 July 1824 – 4 February 1890) was a member of the French royal family in the House of Orléans. He was the youngest son of King Louis Philippe of France and his wife Maria Amelia Teresa of the Two Sicilies. He was styled as the Duke of Montpensier. He was born on 31 July 1824 at the château de Neuilly and died 4 February 1890 at Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain.

Sources :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier

http://www.wikiart.org/en/franz-xaver-winterhalter/antoine-marie-philippe-louis-d-orleans-duc-de-montpensier-1844

Portrait of François-Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orléans, prince de Joinville (1818-1900)

Title: Portrait of François-Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orléans, prince de Joinville (1818-1900)
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1844

François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie d’Orléans, prince de Joinville,  (born Aug. 14, 1818, Neuilly, Fr.—died June 16, 1900, Paris), naval officer and writer on military topics who was prominent in the modernization of the French Navy. The son of Louis-Philippe, duc d’Orléans, later king of the French from 1830 to 1848, Joinville joined the navy in 1831, becoming lieutenant in 1836. Sent to Vera Cruz in 1838, he fought well, rising to captain (1839), and in 1840 he carried Napoleon’s remains back to France. Named vice admiral in 1844, he caused a stir with an article in the Revue des Deux Mondes comparing the naval forces of England and France, to the detriment of France. To redress the balance he urged France to acquire steamships. A great sponsor of new inventions, he was the patron of Dupuy de Lôme, architect of the earliest steam- and screw-rated ships. After 1848 Joinville went to England and in 1861 to the United States to offer his services to President Lincoln. Returning to France in 1870, he was expelled, returned under the name of Colonel Lutherod, and was exiled again, but the law that exiled the Orléans family was repealed in 1871. Elected deputy of Haute-Marne in 1871, he retired from public life in 1875. His works include Essais sur la marine française (1852; “Essays on the French Navy”) and Études sur la marine, 2 vol. (1859; “Naval Studies”).

Sources :

http://www.britannica.com/biography/Francois-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie-dOrleans-prince-de-Joinville

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Francois_Ferdinand_d'Orleans,Prince_de_Joinville,_1843.jpg

Louis-Charles-Philippe of Orleans Duke of Nemours

Title: Louis-Charles-Philippe of Orleans Duke of Nemours
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1843

Oil on canvas. Dimensions: 140 x 215 cm. Now belong to Chateau de Versailles, France. Louis, Duke of Nemours was the second son of King Louis Phillipe of France. Louis became a colonel at the age of 12, and spent most of his life in the military. Appropriately, he is shown in full early Victorian military splendour, all shiny boots, red moire sash and gold epaulettes.

Source :
http://thedreamstress.com/2010/01/rate-the-dress-louis-duke-of-nemours-by-winterhalter/

Portrait of Louis-Philippe, King of the French

Title: Portrait of Louis-Philippe, King of the French
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1845

Oil on canvas. Dimensions: 245.4 × 154.4 cm (96.6 × 60.8 in). Painted for Louis Philippe as a present to Queen Victoria. Signed and dated lower left: F Winterhalter. / 1845.

Source :

https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?object=407178&row=0&detail=about

Louis Philippe I, King of the French

Title: Louis-Philippe 1er, Roi Des Francais (Louis Philippe I King of the French)
Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Date: 1839

Full length, 3/4 l, in uniform, ribbon, several orders, cocked hat under left arm, right hand extended and laid on table to left beside crown. Background: garden.


Source :
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter